PREFACE/INTRODUCTION.. xlv

A.       History of Self-Sufficient Structures. xlv

1.       Evolutionary Efforts. xlv

2.     Self-Sufficiency Projects (Energy Emphasis)xlvi

a.       Advanced Houses of the World. xlvi

b.       University/College Projects. xlvi

c.       Government Projects. xlvii

d.       Earthships  xlviii

3.     Self-Sufficiency Projects (Both Food and Energy)xlviii

a.       Autonomous House Book  xlviii

b.    NASA CELSS and Russian Bios-3. xlviii

c.    New Alchemy Institute. xlix

d.       Publications  xlix

e.       Biosphere IIl

f.       Individuals/Retrofits  l

g.       Bioshelters  li

h.    The Earth Home System.. li

B.       Earth Home Project Description and Purpose  li

1.     Earth Home Project Goalli

a.    Goals Described. li

b.    Other Descriptive Titles for this work. lii

c.       Prototype Explained. lv

2.       Explanation of Purpose for Earth Home Projectlvi

a.    Why a Completely Self-Sufficient Home System?. lvi

b.    What Is Unique About This House?. lvii

c.       Qualities Desired for the Earth Home  lvii

1.  Functionallviii

2.  Efficientlviii

3.  Ecologically Balanced. lviii

4.  Need-Oriented. lix

5.  Energy-Independentlix

6.  Food-Independentlxi

7.  Simple. lxi

8.  Durable. lxi

9.  Non-Polluting. lxi

10.  Single Family. lxii

11.  Universallxii

12.  Minimal Existence. lxii

13.  Living System.. lxii

14.  Built in the Image of Nature Itselflxii

C.       Why A Completely Self-Sufficient Home?. lxiii

1.     Unproven Theory.lxiii

2.       Energy/Resources Conservation.lxiv

3.     Economic Reasons.lxiv

4.     Soil Problems Around the World.lxv

a.       Desertification. lxv

b.    Soil Compaction. lxv

c.    Erosion. lxv

d.    Soil Depletion. lxv

e.       Stopping Use of Hydrated Lime  lxvi

f.       Irrigated Land Decrease. lxvi

5.     Increasing the Total Food Supply.lxvii

6.     Slow Down Climate Changes.lxviii

a.       Plants/Animals Reduction. lxviii

b.    Aquifer Depletion. lxviii

c.    Global Warming/Greenhouse Gasses. lxviii

d.       Temperature Rise. lxix

e.    Carbon Dioxide/Ozone  lxxii

f.       Weather-Related changes. lxxii

7.     Slow Down Pollution. lxxii

8.     Increased Human Health.lxxvi

a.       Malnutrition Background. lxxvi

b.    Spread of Old Diseases. lxxvi

c.       "Transporting" Infectious Diseases. lxxvi

d.    New Ailments. lxxvii

e.       Nutrition-Related Health Issues. lxxvii

9.       Moral/Religious Viewpoint.lxxvii

10.          Population Issues.lxxviii

11.      World security.lxxx

12.          Maintain Current Lifestyle.lxxxi

13.          Sustainability Goal.lxxxi

14.      Future Unknowns/Instability  lxxxi

D.          Philosophical/Background Questions.lxxxi

1.     Who Would Benefit?. lxxxi

2.     Single Family vs. Multi-Family Dwelling. lxxxii

3.       Tribal/Extended Family System.. lxxxiii

4.     Why Hasn't Government Tried This Before?. lxxxiii

5.     Why Hasn't Private Business Tried This Before?. lxxxiv

6.     Why Haven't Other People Tried this Before?. lxxxv

7.     Why Aren't Technologists Headed in This Direction?. lxxxv

E.        Mel Moench's Activities/Chronology/Successes. lxxxvi

1.     Early Beginnings/History  lxxxvi

2.     Scope of Research - Prototype Explained. lxxxvi

a.    7,500 Books Read/Scanned.lxxxvi

b.    3,500 Magazines Read/Scanned.lxxxvii

c.    8,000 Phone Calls.lxxxvii

d.    9,000 Letters.lxxxvii

e.    Foreign Contacts.lxxxvii

f.     Thomas Registers/McMaster-Carr.lxxxvii

g.    NASA.lxxxvii

h.       Newspapers.lxxxviii

i.     Visits.lxxxviii

j.       Technical Journals.lxxxviii

k.    Internet.lxxxviii

3.     Laws/Jail Time  lxxxix

4.     Building Codes/Morality  xc

5.       Successful Testing to Date  xc

a.       Electrical Lighting Efficiency.xci

b.    Super Water-Efficient Toilet.xci

c.    Water Efficiency-Handwashing.xci

d.    Water-Efficient Showerxci

e.    Utility Cube  xci

f.     Spin-off Technologies  xcii

6.     The Reasons for Developing Earth Home II Prototype. xciii

a.       Thermosiphon Testing. xciii

b.    Airflow options.xciii

c.    Ground Contact.xciii

d.       Lighting.xciii

e.    Flax.xciii

f.       Construction.xciv

g.    Roof.xciv

h.       Rainwater.xciv

i.       Western Sun.xciv

j.     Cool Tubes.xciv

k.       Atmospheres.xciv

l.       Underfloor heating option.xcv

m.          Handicap/Elderly.xcv

n.       Overhead Water Option.xcv

F.        EH Tabs/Methodology of Textxcv

1.     System Approach. xcv

2.     Writing Style/Humorxcv

3.     Scanning the Entire Text Quickly. xcvi

4.       Modifications to Basic Design. xcvi

a.    Tab 1-Solar/Wind Ratio  xcvi

b.    Tab 2-Tropical Plant/Tree Species. xcvii

c.    Tab 3-Reduced Rainfallxcvii

d.    Tab 4-Increased Earth Temperatures  xcvii

e.    Tab 4-Decreased Earth Temperatures  xcvii

1.  Frost Depth. xcvii

2.  Night Coolers for Refrigeration. xcvii

f.     Tab 5-Heating/Cooling Load Ratio  xcvii

g.    Tab 6-Wet Environments  xcvii

h.    Tab 7-Underfloor Insulation/Heatxcvii

i.     Tab 8-Hemisphere/Orientation. xcvii

j.     Tab 9-Underfloor Insulation/Heatxcvii

k.    Roof Coloration Scheme. xcvii

I.       ENERGY/POWER OVERVIEW   1

A.          Renewable Energy Background. 1

1.     Non-Repeatable Sources of Energy. 1

2.       Repeatable Sources of Energy. 2

3.     Energy "Technologies"  2

a.       Mechanical2

b.       Electrical2

c.    Heat2

d.       Common Energy Conversions. 3

B.       Solar Energy  4

1.     Solar Heating-Active. 4

a.    Flat Plate/Hydronic  4

b.       Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)5

1.  Dish Systems. 5

2.  Parabolic Troughs. 5

3.  Power Towers. 5

4.  Concentrating Photovoltaic. 5

5.  Non-Tracking Concentrating Collectors. 6

c.    Hybrids. 6

2.     Solar Heat Storage (see Thermal Mass Section)6

a.    Air6

b.    Water6

c.    Rock. 7

3.     Passive Solar/Transparent Insulation. 7

4.       Photovoltaic(PV)7

a.       Background  7

b.    Flat Panels. 9

c.    Bifacial9

d.    Hybrids. 9

C.       Wind Energy  10

1.     Wind Power Through History. 10

2.     Windmill Background. 10

a.       Windmill Types. 10

b.       Windmill--Make or Buy  12

3.     Wind-Generated Electricity-History. 12

4.     Wind Generator Basics. 13

5.     Wind Tower Terminology. 14

6.     Wind-Powered Air Compressors. 14

D.       Gaseous Fuels  15

1.       Methane/Biogas. 15

2.       Propane/Natural Gas. 15

3.     Hydrogen. 16

a.       Hydrogen Production. 16

b.       Hydrogen Storage. 17

1.  Hydrogen Storage Challenges. 17

2.  Future Hydrogen Storage Technology. 17

3.  Future Earth Home Hydrogen Storage. 17

c.       Hydrogen Uses. 18

1.  Hydrogen Burning. 18

2.  Future Hydrogen Developments. 18

4.     Use of Gaseous Fuel18

a.    Fuel Cells  18

b.    Future Fuel Cell Technologies  21

c.       Combined Heat and Power (CHP)22

E.          Wood/Solid Fuel (see Heating Section)22

1.     History. 22

2.     CO2 Issues. 22

F.        Alcohol23

1.     History of Alcohol23

a.       Background  23

b.    Fuel Alcohol History. 23

2.     Alcohol Production. 23

a.    Basic Process Chart23

b.    Sugar, Starch, or Cellulose (Carbohydrates)25

c.    Enzyme Sources. 27

d.    Yeast Discussion/Sources. 27

e.       Recipes/Commercial-Scale Fuel Production Techniques. 28

f.     Alcohol Yields. 29

g.    Alcohol Production From Food Wastes. 29

h.       Distillation  29

i.     Large-scale Alcohol Plants. 31

j.     Small-scale Alcohol Plants. 31

k.    Vinegar Production (see Diet-Vinegar Section)31

3.     Using Alcohol31

a.    Using Alcohol in Engines. 31

1.  Moisture in Alcohol31

2.  Data-Btu/Orifice Size. 32

3.  Back-up Generator/Small Engine Fuel32

4.  Other Alcohol Converted Engines/Brazil32

b.    Burning Alcohol for Heat33

1.  High Temperature Refrigeration Fuel33

2.  Cooking Fuel33

c.    Using Alcohol for Vinegar Production. 33

G.          Alternative Power Options. 34

1.     Stirling Engines. 34

2.       Thermoelectric/Thermovoltaic  34

3.       Geothermal (see Thermal Mass Section)35

4.     Steam Engines (see Electrical Power-Generator Options section)35

H.       Earth Home Energy Choices  35

1.     Qualities of Energy Sources-Discussion. 35

a.       Temperature Discussion. 35

1.  Useful Temperatures of EH Functions. 35

2.  High Temperatures More Useful36

b.    Easily Stored. 36

c.    Easily Transformed/Minimize Efficiency Losses. 36

d.       "Quality" of Energy-High or Low.. 36

e.       Hours/Day Available. 36

f.       Alcohol/Vinegar Production. 37

2.     Cooling (Space)37

3.     Heating (Space)37

4.     Lighting (Electricity)38

5.       Refrigeration/Freezing. 38

6.     Domestic Hot Water Heating (DHW)39

a.       Background  39

b.    Primary Domestic Water39

c.       Dehydrator39

d.    Clothes Dryer40

e.       Distillation Unit40

f.       Greenhouse Soil Heating. 40

7.     Cooking. 41

8.     Back-up Generator/Small Engine Fuel41

9.     Aerobic Digester/Fish Tank Aeration. 41

10.          Exercise-Generated Energy  41

I.     Future Energy Technology. 42

1.     Home-Sized Power Plant/Water Heater Combinations. 42

2.     Computer-Controlled Combustion Draft/Scrubber42

3.       Microturbines  43

4.     Gas-Driven Heat Pumps. 43

II.          THERMAL MASS/THERMAL "BATTERIES" OVERVIEW   44

A.       Earth Temperature Data/Background  44

1.     Earth as Source of Heat Background. 44

2.       Movement of Heat/Thermal Conductivity/Temperature. 44

a.       Moisture Influences on Heat Transfer Rates  45

b.       Controlling/Adjusting Moisture. 45

3.       Temperature Under the Surface of the Earth  45

a.       Temperatures on the Surface. 45

b.       Temperatures 4-30 feet Deep. 45

c.       Groundwater Temperatures  46

d.       Groundcover Influences. 48

B.       Natural Thermal Storage Mediums. 48

1.     Water Storage Overview.. 48

a.       Density/Temperature Background. 48

b.    Water Storage Technologies  48

c.    Heat Movement/Temperature Swings. 48

d.    Water Storage Applications. 48

2.     Soil Storage Overview.. 48

a.       Density/Temperature Background. 48

b.    Soil Storage Technologies  48

c.    Heat Movement/Temperature Swings. 48

d.    Soil Storage Applications. 48

3.     Rock Storage Overview.. 49

a.       Density/Temperature Background. 49

b.    Rock Storage Techniques (Solar)49

4.       Combination Storage Methods. 49

a.       Qualities of Each Method. 49

b.       Testing/Future. 49

C.       Other Thermal Storage Mediums. 50

1.     Phase Change Materials (PCM)50

a.       PCM/Eutectic Salts Overview.. 50

b.       Density/Temperature Advantages. 50

2.     Heated Paraffin. 50

3.     Salt Hydrates (see Phase-Change Materials (PCM) Section)50

D.       Future Thermal Storage Methods. 51

1.     High Density Desiccants. 51

2.     Other Research. 51

E.        Higher and Lower Temperature Thermal Mass Techniques. 51

1.       Stove/Furnace High Temperature Storage. 51

a.    Off-Peak Electricity Example. 51

b.    High Mass Masonry Stoves (see Heating System/Masonry Stoves Section)52

c.    High Mass Chimney (see Heating System/Draft/Chimney Section)52

2.       Cold/Refrigeration Storage (See Refrigeration Options-Nite Cooler Tab Section)52

F.        Low-Tech Heat Extraction Techniques. 52

1.     Cool Tubes/Air Extraction. 52

a.    Cool Tubes Background. 52

b.       Plenums in Rocks (see Rock Storage Overview)53

2.     Water Pipes in the Ground (See EH Ground Source Cooling Section)53

G.       High-Tech Heat Extraction Techniques. 53

1.     Heat Pump Technology. 53

a.    Heat Pump Background/Applications. 53

b.    Heat Pump Tubing Options. 54

c.    Heat Pump Innovations. 54

d.       Disadvantages of Heat Pumps. 54

2.     Heat Pipe/Future Heat Extraction Technologies. 55

a.    Heat Pipe Technology/Background. 55

b.    Heat Pipe Basics. 55

c.    Heat Pipe Components/Construction  56

d.    Heat Pipe Variations. 59

e.    Heat Pipe Earth Applications. 59

H.       Container Fabrication Techniques. 61

1.     Water Storage Container Fabrication. 61

a.    Water Tanks. 61

b.    Low-Cost Water Tanks. 61

2.     PCM Storage Container Fabrication. 62

3.     Ongoing Research. 62

a.       Concrete "Sandwich" Walls  62

b.    Climate Variations on Thermal Mass Applications. 62

1.  Sun Belt/Altitude Challenges. 62

2.  Midwest/Northern Climate Challenges. 63

3.  Ongoing Testing/Research on Whole-Walls. 63

I.     Exterior High Mass Walls. 63

1.       Background/History. 63

2.     How Mass Walls Work  64

3.     Thermal Mass Walls Challenges. 64

a.       Temperature Swings of the Ground. 64

b.       Moisture and Heat Transfer Rates  65

4.     Testing Variations of Thermal Mass Walls (see Sandwich Wall section.)65

J.    Earth Home Dual-Use of Thermal Mass. 65

1.     Massive Water Storage Method (see Cooling/Dehumidification Section)65

a.    Water as Medium (see EH Ground Source Cooling Section)65

b.       Radiator Effect (see EH Ground Source Cooling Section)65

c.       Efficient Pumping/Control Techniques (see EH Cooling Water Circulation Section)66

2.       Greenhouse Soil "Trombe Wall" (see EH Trombe Wall Soil V-Trough System.)66

III.          STRUCTURE.. 67

A.          Background/History of Human Dwellings. 67

1.       Dwelling/Shelter Types. 67

2.     Modern Home Size History. 68

3.     Materials Used in Home Construction. 68

a.  Indigenous Materials. 68

b.  Long-Lasting Materials. 68

c.  Green Building Materials. 69

4.     Popular Alternative Construction Styles. 69

a.       Geodesic Dome. 69

b.       Rammed-Earth. 69

c.    Poured Membrane. 69

d.       Cordwood-Concrete. 70

e.       Underground Homes. 70

f.     Straw-Bale Construction  70

g.       Papercrete Construction  71

h.       Structural Insulated Panels (SIP)72

i.       Insulated Concrete Foundation (ICF)72

j.     Post and Beam/Pole Building. 73

k.    Other Construction Methods. 73

B.       EH Stucco on Flax Bales/Post and Beam Construction. 73

1.     Post and Beam Overview.. 74

a.       Comparison with Other Methods Discussion. 74

b.    Post and Beam Advantages. 74

2.     Sidewall or Skin Types/Background  75

3.     Flax Advantages. 75

a.    Flax History. 75

b.    Nearly Indestructible Organic Fiber75

c.       Flexibility to Vary Consistency of Fibers. 76

d.       Fireproofing Flax. 76

4.       Ferrocement/Concrete/Stucco  76

a.       Concrete Backgound. 77

b.       Concrete/Portland Disadvantages  77

c.       Concrete/Cement Substitutes. 78

5.     Building Lime Alternative for Exterior/Construction. 78

a.    Lime vs. Portland Cement78

b.    Lime Uses  79

1.  Historical Lime Construction. 79

2.  Present Lime Construction. 79

3.  Alternative Builders Using Lime. 80

c.    The Advantages of Lime. 80

1.  Versatile. 80

2.  Abundance/Lower Cost80

3.  Environmental Advantages. 80

d.    Using Lime in Construction  81

1.  Lime as a Versatile Binder81

2.  Lime as a Render/Stucco for Exteriors. 81

3.  Lime as a Plaster for Interiors. 82

4.  Lime Mortar Render over Strawbales. 82

e.    Lime Technology. 83

1.  Naturally-Ocurring Forms of Lime. 83

2.  Lime Manufacture. 83

3.  Lime Cycle. 83

4.  Lime Characterisitcs. 86

5.  Two Basic Ways to Set Limes. 86

6.  Workmanship/Issues with Lime. 86

7.  Forms of Purchased Lime. 87

6.     EH Combination Skin and Insulation. 87

a.    Stucco Lath Alternative. 87

b.    Method of Construction--Ferrocement/Flax Combination. 87

C.       Roofs. 88

1.     Roofing Background. 88

2.     Modern Roofing Materials. 88

3.     Metal Roofs  91

a.    History of Metal Roofing. 91

b.       Steel/Aluminum Roofing. 91

4.     EH Roofing Details. 91

a.    Roof Design/Venting  92

b.    Scissor Truss System.. 92

c.       Ceiling/Roof Insulation. 92

d.       Preventing Heat Build-up Under Roof93

1.  Reflective/Radiant Foil93

2.  Roof Coloration. 93

D.          Foundation/Slab  93

1.       Foundation Basics/Discussion  93

2.       Foundation Categories/Types  94

a.    Slab on Grade  94

b.       Unheated Crawlspaces. 94

c.    Full Basements. 94

3.     EH Foundation Details. 94

a.       Basement Discussion. 94

b.       Basement Utility Area  95

4.     Floor Elevations in the Earth Home. 95

a.    Natural Water Cascading Levels. 95

b.    EH Floor Slab Details. 96

E.        Sunlight Inside  96

1.     Natural Lighting. 96

2.     Windows. 96

a.    High Performance Windows Background. 96

b.    EH Windows. 97

F.        Exterior Shading Techniques. 97

1.     Edible Shrubbery. 97

2.     Edible Flowers. 97

3.     Trellised Food Plants. 97

4.       Mechanical Shading. 98

G.       Internal Spaces  98

1.     Efficient use of Spaces. 98

2.     Internal Walls  99

a.       Construction Details. 99

b.       "Breathability" to the Exterior99

3.     Interior Spaces. 99

4.     Ceiling Height100

IV.          COOLING-DEHUMIDIFICATION SYSTEM.. 101

A.       Cooling Background. 101

1.     Ancient Cooling. 101

a.       Caveman Cooling. 101

b.    Ancient Roman Cooling. 101

c.    Iranian Wind Towers. 101

2.     Cooling Technology. 102

a.    Human Body's Cooling Mechanisms. 102

b.    Basic Human Comfort Chart103

c.       Categories of Cooling Employed. 105

a.    Active vs. Passive Cooling Methods. 107

B.       Using the Earth for Cooling. 107

1.     Early American Architectural Cooling. 107

a.    Soddies. 107

b.       Jefferson's Monticello. 107

2.     Modern Architectural Cooling. 108

a.       Underground Homes. 108

b.       Basement Testing. 108

c.    Cooling "Batteries" (See Thermal Mass Section)108

3.     Cool Tubes (see Thermal Mass Section)109

C.       Using Groundwater for Cooling  109

1.       Evaporative ("Swamp") Coolers. 109

2.     Indirect Evaporative Coolers. 110

3.     Radiant Cooling Systems. 110

4.     Heat Pumps (see Heat Pump section)110

D.          Dehumidification Technology. 110

1.     Relative Humidity Basics. 110

2.     Sources of Moisture in the Home. 111

3.     Problems of High Water Vapor Content111

a.    List of Problems. 111

b.    Black Mold/Toxic Mold and Sick Homes. 112

4.     Moisture Retention in Furnishings. 115

E.          Mechanical Cooling/Dehumidification Technology. 115

1.       Refrigerant Dehumidification  115

2.     Heat Pumps (see Thermal Mass Section)117

3.       Absorption Systems (Refrigerant)117

4.       Mechanical Compressors. 117

a.       Compressor Types. 117

b.       Refrigerants  118

c.    Future Refrigerants. 118

F.        The Earth Home II Cooling System   118

1.       Preventing Heat Build-Up  118

a.       Background/Basics. 118

b.    Heat Build-up Studies. 119

c.    Roof Heat Build-up  119

d.    Earth Home Heat Build-up. 120

2.     EH Ground-Source Cooling. 120

a.       Construction Details. 120

b.    Burying Tubing Overview/Details  121

3.     Earth Home Cooling Water Circulation. 123

a.       Circulation Basics. 123

b.    Cooling Water Requirements  123

4.     Earth Home Air Circulation (See Heating-Air Distribution Section)123

G.       Future Cooling/Dehumidification Technologies. 125

1.       Sorbent/Desiccant Dehumidification  125

2.     Solar Assist Desiccant Dehumidification  125

3.     High Density Desiccant/Thermal Mass Battery (see Thermal Mass Section)129

4.     Heat Pipe Dehumidification Systems (see also Thermal Mass Section)129

a.    Heat Pipe Technology. 129

b.    Heat Pipe Dehumidification Benefits. 129

V.          HEATING SYSTEM.. 131

A.       History of Heating Systems. 131

1.     Roman Systems. 131

2.     Korean Ondol131

3.     Kivas. 134

4.     Native American Tipi134

5.     Early American Homes/Thermosiphon Loop. 134

B.       Sources of Heat-Renewable. 135

1.     Wood Background. 135

a.    Wood Cultivation. 135

b.    Wood Harvesting/Drying. 137

c.       Species/Btu Discussion. 137

2.     Wood Stoves. 138

a.    Wood Stove Background. 138

b.    Basic Wood Stove Types. 138

c.       Outdoor Wood Stoves Data. 139

1.  Outdoor Wood Stoves Background. 139

2.  Outdoor Wood Stoves Data. 139

d.       Masonry Stoves. 140

e.       Steam/Boilers. 140

f.       Woodstove Efficiencies/EPA   141

g.    Clean-Burning Wood Stoves. 141

3.       Woodstove-Related Technologies. 141

a.       Catalytic Combusters. 141

b.       Draft/Chimneys. 141

c.       Scrubbers/Heat Exchangers. 142

4.     Earth Home Wood Burning. 142

a.    Earth Home Woodstove. 143

b.    EH Woodstove/Options/Accessories. 143

5.     Future Woodstoves. 143

6.     Solar Heating-Passive. 145

7.     EH Solar Applications. 145

a.    EH Greenhouse Area  145

b.    EH Roof Truss Ventilation. 145

c.    EH Hydronic Soil Heating. 146

C.          Distributing Heat/Heated Fluid  146

1.     Water as a Heat Transfer Medium.. 146

a.    Hot Water Circulation Background. 146

b.    Under-Floor Heated Water Tubing. 146

c.    Earth Home Hot Water Circulation System.. 148

2.     Air as a Heat Transfer Medium.. 148

a.    Air Circulation/Ducting Background. 148

1.  Ducts. 148

2.  Air as Media. 148

b.    Earth Home Hot Air Circulation System.. 149

1.  Coils/Ducts/Enclosed Rooms. 149

2.  Hot Water Coils. 149

3.  Bimetallic Damper Control150

D.       Air Inside the Home. 152

1.     Air Quality. 152

a.    Air Changes per Hour (ACH)152

1.  ACH Background. 152

2.  Earth Home Air Changes. 152

b.    Air Filtration/Cleaning  153

1.  Air Filters. 153

2.  Electronic Air Cleaners. 153

3.  Earth Home Air Filter153

4.  Future-Soil Bed Reactors. 153

2.     Air Leakage/Airtightness. 156

a.    Vapor Barrier Background. 156

b.    Earth Home Vapor Barrier System.. 158

3.     HRV/Air Ventilation. 158

a.    Types of Ventilation Systems. 158

b.    HRV--Air-To-Air Heat Exchangers. 158

c.    HEPA Option. 159

d.    Typical HRV Installation/Ducting. 159

e.    Earth Home HRV.. 161

1.  Co2-O2 Mixing. 161

2.  HRV Details. 162

4.     Humidity in Air162

a.       Humidity Regulation Background. 162

b.    Effect of Humidity on Health. 162

c.       Humidification Chart164

d.    Earth Home Humidification  164

5.     Air Distribution. 166

a.       Moving/Exhausting Air Effects. 166

b.    Earth Home Air Circulation Fan  166

VI.          WATER SYSTEM.. 168

A.       Sources of water  168

1.     Water Facts  168

2.     Rainfall169

3.       Groundwater169

a.       Aquifers  169

b.       Pumping Energy. 170

B.       Human Water Use. 170

1.     Water Use in Society. 170

2.     Modern Water Use around the World. 170

C.       Rainwater. 171

1.     History. 171

a.    World-Wide Rainwater Use  171

b.       Cisterns  171

1.  Cistern Background. 171

2.  Cistern Filters. 172

2.     Earth Home System of Rainwater Collection. 176

a.       Rainwater Supply. 176

b.    Gutter System.. 177

c.       Storage/Debris Trap/Settling  177

d.    General Filtration after Collection. 177

e.       Pressurization vs. Gravity System.. 178

f.       Pumping Water179

D.       Drinking Water  179

1.     Definition of Drinking Water179

2.     Nature's Purification Methods. 180

3.     Well Water180

a.       Problems with Well Water180

b.       Chlorine in City Well Water180

4.       Filtration/Purification Options. 180

a.       Disposable Filter Systems. 182

1.  Reverse Osmosis (RO)182

2.  Cartridge Systems. 182

b.    Longer Lasting (Non-Disposable) Filter Systems. 182

1.  Silver-Impregnated Ceramic Filters. 182

2.  Ultraviolet (UV) Lights. 182

3.  Activated Carbon. 183

4.  Distillation. 183

5.  Distillation Myths. 183

c.    Earth Home Water Purification System.. 185

1.  Distillation System.. 185

2.  Ultraviolet (UV) Lights (Back-Up)185

3.  Silver-Impregnated Ceramic Filters (Back-Up)185

4.  Distilled Water Uses. 186

5.     Water Ionizers. 186

E.        Heating Water  186

1.     Heating Water Background. 187

2.     Demand Heaters. 188

3.     Earth Home Water Heating. 188

4.     Future Water Heating Systems. 188

F.        Water Uses-Washing. 189

1.     Earth Home Domestic Washing. 189

a.    Earth Home Hot Water Plumbing/Control189

b.    Earth Home Showering/Bathing. 189

c.    Earth Home Handwashing  189

2.     Clothes Washing. 190

a.       Background  190

b.    Hot water for Washing Clothes. 190

c.       Soap/Detergent Options. 191

1.  Phosphate Soap. 191

2.  Biodegradeable. 191

d.       Washing Machine Types. 191

e.    Fabric Discussion. 193

1.  Cotton. 193

2.  Fabric Options. 193

f.     Future Clothes Washing. 193

3.     Clothes Drying. 194

a.    Clothes Drying Background. 194

b.    Earth Home Clothes Drying. 195

G.       Recycling Water (Greywater)195

1.       Greywater/Wash Water195

a.       Greywater Background/History. 196

b.       Greywater Production/Sources. 196

c.       Greywater Filters. 198

d.    Health Considerations of Greywater204

1.  Direct Contact or Consumption. 204

2.  Breathing of Microorganisms. 204

3.  Microorganisms on plants. 204

4.  Contamination of Surface Water204

5.  Contamination of Groundwater204

6.  Chemical Contamination. 204

7.  System Overload. 205

8.  Two Design Principles to Remember205

e.    Earth Home Greywater System.. 205

1.  Greywater Storage. 205

2.  Plant Undersoil Irrigation. 205

3.  Digester206

2.     Kitchen Waste Water207

a.    Kitchen Waste Background. 207

b.    Grease Traps  207

c.    Earth Home Kitchen Waste Water209

H.       Toilet Wastes (Blackwater)209

1.       Background/History. 209

a.    Sewage Chemistry. 209

1.  Feces Chemistry. 209

2.  Urine Chemistry. 209

b.       Squatting Position History. 209

c.    History of Toilets. 213

d.    History of Toilet Paper213

1.  Roman Methods. 213

2.  Middle Ages. 214

3.  Colonial America. 214

4.  Asia. 214

5.  Paper Invented. 214

6.  Toilet Paper Marketed. 214

7.  Bidets (water wash)215

e.    East vs. West Views of Excreta. 215

f.       Flushing Toilets. 215

1.  History of Flushing Toilets. 216

2.  Toilet Water Facts. 217

3.  Sewage Facts. 217

4.  Sewage Around the World. 217

2.     Common Sewage Systems. 217

a.    Septic Tanks/Drainfields  219

b.    Dry Toilets. 219

1.  Background/History. 219

2.  Problems with Dry Toilets. 219

c.       Aerobic/Anerobic Digesters. 221

3.       Alternative Toilet Systems. 222

a.    Water Hyacinth/Potential Food Source. 222

b.    Trout Ponds. 222

c.       Methane Digesters. 224

4.     Pumping Wastes. 224

a.       Macerator Pumps. 225

b.       Diaphram Pumps. 225

5.     Earth Home Toilet System.. 225

a.       Toilet/Micro Low Flush  226

b.    Aerobic Digester/Dosing  226

c.    Wind-Powered Air Compressor228

d.       Digester Plumbing. 228

1.  Effluent into the Digester/Dosing. 228

a.  Dosing Background. 228

b.  Dosing Methods. 228

2.  Back-up Effluent Sources. 229

3.  Exit Water from the Digester229

e.    Water Pipes/Mechanics  231

6.     Future Toilet/Wastewater Systems. 231

a.    Human Waste as Resource. 231

b.       Ongoing Testing of Spirulina Systems. 231

c.       Wastewater Gardens. 232

I.     Plumbing Mechanics. 232

1.       Background/History. 232

2.     Plumbing Pipes  232

3.     Digester Greywater Surging Issues. 235

a.    Dosing Siphon Option. 235

b.    Dosing Siphon Issues. 235

VII.             ELECTRICAL POWER.. 237

A.          Electricity Discussion. 237

1.     Electricity Basics/Background  237

2.     12-Volt Advantage Article. 238

3.     Average Home Electrical Use List with Alternatives. 246

B.          Wind/Solar Combination. 252

1.     Earth Home Wind Generator Testing. 252

2.     Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Panels. 253

C.          Hydrogen/Other  254

D.       Engine-Driven Back-up Generators. 254

1.       Background  254

2.     Gas, Propane, Diesel Generators. 254

a.    2 stroke vs. 4 stroke. 254

b.    Fuel Efficiency Chart254

3.     Generator Engine Options. 256

a.       Propane Converted. 256

b.    Alcohol Converted Engines. 256

c.    Steam-Driven. 257

4.     Earth Home Back-up Generation System.. 259

E.        Storage of Electricity. 259

1.       Mechanical Energy Storage Systems. 259

a.       Weights/Water259

b.       Flywheels  260

2.     Battery Technology. 261

a.    Battery Charts/Types  261

b.    Lead Acid and Care Required. 261

c.    Ni-Cad Batteries. 265

d.    Nickel-Iron and Gel-Cells  265

e.    Earth Home Battery Bank. 265

f.     Future Batteries. 267

1.  Paper/Polymer Battery. 267

2.  Nickel Metal Hydride Battery. 267

3.  Atomic Battery. 267

F.          Control/Distribution of Electricity. 270

1.     Charging Background. 270

a.    Battery "Balancing". 270

b.       Electrical Charge Control270

c.    PV Array  270

d.    Earth Home Charge Control System.. 271

2.     Earth Home Electrical Control Panel271

a.       Background of Control Panels. 271

b.    Power Use Monitoring. 272

3.     Home Automation. 272

a.       Background of Home Automation. 272

b.    Field Bus Background. 273

c.    Home Electronic Bus  274

d.       Automotive Examples. 274

e.       Aerospace Examples. 276

f.     Earth Home Automation. 276

1.  Importance of EH Automation. 276

2.  EH Automation Basics. 276

3.  Efficiency Improvements. 277

4.     Earth Home Wiring. 277

a.    Wiring Chart for 12 Volt Systems. 277

b.       Electrical Outlets/Plugs  279

G.       Uses of Electricity. 279

1.     Lighting. 279

a     History of Artificial Lighting Methods. 279

b.       Electrical Lighting Background. 281

c.    Typical Lighting Requirements  282

d.    High Efficiency Lighting Options. 284

1.  Incandescent Lighting Uses. 284

2.  Fluorescent Lights. 284

3.  Halogen lights. 286

4.  LED (Light-Emitting Diode) Lights. 286

5.  Point-of-Use Lighting. 286

6.  Reflectors, Dimming. 286

e.       Occupancy Sensors. 287

f.     Earth Home Lighting. 287

g.    Future Lighting Options. 287

1.  Fiberoptics. 287

2.  High Intensity Discharge Lights. 288

2.     Motors Background. 288

a.    Motor Facts/History  288

b.    ECM Motors. 288

c.    DC Motors. 290

3.     Water Pumping. 290

a.    Water Pumping Options. 290

b.    Pump for Domestic Water Use. 291

c.       Circulating Pump for HVAC.. 291

d.    Earth Home Circulating Pump  291

e.    Future Circulating Pumps. 291

4.     Fan Technology. 292

a.       Background/History of Fans. 292

b.       Fan/Blower/Compressor292

c.    Fan Classifications/Types/Categories. 292

d.    Home Air Movement Applications. 295

e.    Furnace Fans  296

f.     Fan Efficiency/ECM    296

g.    EH Large Diameter Circulating Fan  297

5.     Earth Home Selected Motors. 297

a.       Refrigerator/Freezer Compressor Motor297

b.    EH Central Vacuum Motor298

c.    EH Fish Tank Back-up Aeration Motor298

d.    EH Hydraulic Pump Motor/Power Tools. 299

VIII.             DIETS AND FOOD   300

A.       Food Chains/Pyramids of Animals and Humans  300

B.          Anthropological Studies. 306

1.       Herbivorous or Carnivorous?. 306

2.       Caveman/Paleolithic Diet307

3.       Aztec/Inca/Mayan. 307

4.     Egyptian Mummies. 308

C.       Historical Diets Around the World  308

1.     Early Tribal Diets. 308

2.     Early American Diets. 309

3.     Primitive Diets around the World. 309

4.       Predominant Cultural Diets of the World. 310

a.       Chinese/Japanese Diet310

b.    Cereal Grain Staple Diets  311

c.       Mediterranean Diet and Diet Pyramid. 312

d.       Vegetarian Diet Pyramid. 314

e.    Other Diet Pyramids. 316

D.       Unusual Diets  316

1.       Survival/Emergency Diets. 316

a.       Historical Accounts. 316

b.       Mormon Four Year's Supply. 317

2.     Longevity and Diet319

a.       Longevity/Aging Data  319

b.    Long-Lived Culture Diets-Low Calorie. 319

3.     NASA Diets  320

4.     Biosphere 2 Diet321

5.     Self Sufficient Diets. 323

E.        Modern Diets Overview.. 324

1.     Average American Diet/SAD(See also Industrialized Food Problems Section)324

a.       American Diet Milestones. 324

b.    U.S. Average Food Consumption  324

c.    (RDA) Recommended Daily Allowances. 325

1.  RDA History. 325

2.  RDA Criteria. 327

3.  Criticisms of RDA.. 327

4.  Non-RDA Diets. 327

d.    U.S. Food Guide Pyramid. 328

e.    ODA (Optimum Daily Allowance)330

2.     Meat Diets  330

a.       Background and History. 330

b.    Meat Consumption Patterns Around the World. 330

c.    Land Area Used for Meat Diet vs. Vegetarian. 330

3.       Vegetarian Diets. 331

a.       Background and History. 331

b.    Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian. 333

c.       Biogenic Diet333

d.    Vegan. 333

e.       Macrobiotic  333

f.       Miscellaneous Vegetarian Diets  334

4.     Vitamin and Mineral Supplemented Diets  334

a.    Why Take Supplements?. 334

b.       Evolution/Manufacture of Supplements. 335

c.       Vitamins-Water Soluble/Fat Soluble. 335

d.       Minerals-Macro. 336

e.    Trace Minerals-Micro  336

f.       Colloidal Minerals. 338

g.       Miscellaneous Supplements. 338

5.       Health/Medicinal/Weight Loss Diets. 338

a.    Weight Loss Diets. 339

b.    Raw Juice Diets. 339

c.    Protein Diets  339

d.    The "Perfect Diet"  339

6.     Earth Home Diet Comparison Discusssion. 340

F.          Industrialized Food Problems. 340

1.     History of Industrialized Diets  340

2.     Specific Food Group Issues. 341

a.    Dairy Products and Calcium.. 341

b.    Refined Sugar341

c.    High Fructose Corn Syrup. 342

d.       Fats/AntiNutrients. 343

3.     General Food Content Issues. 343

a.       Pesticides/Herbicides  343

b.       Antibiotics/Steroids. 343

c.       Vitamin/Mineral Deficiencies. 343

1.  Processing Losses. 343

2.  Diet Deficiencies. 346

3.  Fiber Deficiency. 346

4     Specific Food Additives. 346

a.       Chemicals  347

b.       Flavorings  347

c.       Preservatives  348

d.    Many Other Additives. 349

5.     Specific Food Modifications/Processing Issues. 349

a.    Genetic Modifications (GM)349

b.       Irradiated Food. 350

6.     Food Patterns and Disease. 350

a.    China Health Project350

b.    Diet-Related Diseases. 351

c.       Standard American Diet (SAD) Problems. 351

d.    Diet-Related Disease History. 352

G.       Bodily Needs/Wants. 353

1.     Cell Chemistry/Functions. 353

2.     Body Needs. 353

a.    Six Nutrients Needed Regularly. 353

b.    Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acid (EFA)353

c.       Individual Needs. 354

d.       Seasonal Needs/Wants  354

3.       pH/Acid/Alkaline Interrelationships  355

a.    Body Maintenance Functions. 355

b.    pH Background. 355

c.       pH/Alkalinity Goal356

d.       Acid/Alkaline Body Chemistry Types. 356

1.  Metabolic Types/Characteristics. 356

2.  Acid- and Alkaline-Producing Foods. 357

e.    Blood pH   357

1.  Blood Group Specificity-A,B,O.. 357

2.  Blood pH Background. 359

3.  Chlorophyll/Hemoglobin Connection. 359

f.     Body Fluid Diagnosing. 361

4.     Elements of a Healthy Diet361

a.    Food as Medicine. 361

b.       Nutrients in Soil361

1.  Soil Nutrient History. 361

2.  Earth Home Soil Nutrients. 363

5.     Protein Needs Discussion. 363

a.    Protein Needs or Wants. 363

b.    Protein Sources-Plant vs. Animal363

c.    Protein Complementarity for Vegetarian Diets  364

6.       Carbohydrates in the Diet364

a.    Types of Carbohydrates  364

b.       Carbohydrate Digestion Speeds. 365

7.     Raw Foods for Health. 365

a.    Raw Food  365

1.  Raw Food Research. 365

2.  Raw Food Benefits/Effects. 365

b.    Raw Juices. 366

c.       Chlorophyll Benefits. 367

8.     Live Food and Enzymes. 367

a.       Enzymes Explained. 367

b.       Enzymes Throughout History. 367

c.       Probiotics/Prebiotics. 368

d.    Enzyme Classes/Functions. 368

e.       Benefits of Enzymes. 368

f.     Sources of Enzymes. 369

g.    Amino Acids  369

9.     Intestinal Health. 369

a.       Intestinal Health/Probiotics  369

b.    Toxin Elimination. 370

10.      Eating "Mechanics". 370

a.       Communicating Bodily Needs. 370

b.    Food Temperature. 371

c.       Chewing Food Slowly and Completely. 371

d.    Timing of Meals. 371

e.    Food Group Combining Theories. 372

f.       Snacking  375

G.       Earth Home Diet375

1.       Overview/Philosophy. 375

a.    Eat Alkaline-forming Foods. 375

b.       Emphasize Plant Sources. 375

2.     Food Groups-General376

a.    Soups and Stews. 376

b.    Leafy Green Salads. 376

1.  Leafy Greens. 376

2.  Croutons/Sprouts/Toppings. 376

3.  Oils. 376

c.       Fermented Foods. 377

d.       Vegetable Juices. 377

e.       Pasta/Starches/Bread  377

f.       Meat/Meat Substitutes and Extenders. 378

g.       Beverages  378

h.    Raw Foods. 378

i.       Sweetener Options. 378

1.  Honey. 379

2.  Barley Malt Syrup. 379

3.  Stevia Rebaudiana. 379

4.  Strawberries/Grapes. 379

5.  Other Sweetener Options. 379

3.     Sample Weekly Menu. 380

a.       Breakfast380

b.    Snacks. 380

c.    Lunch. 380

d.    Supper380

e.       Seasonal381

4.     Specific Cultivar/Food Information. 381

a.    Grapes. 381

b.       Comfrey  381

c.       Cabbage  381

d.    Garlic. 381

e.    Carrots. 382

f.       Soybeans  382

1.  Food Bean Soybeans. 382

2.  Soy Products/Soy Sauce. 382

g.    Sprouts. 383

1.  Sprouting History. 383

2.  Advantages of Sprouting. 383

3.  Sprouting Mechanics. 384

h.       "Supergreens". 384

1.  Wheatgrass Juice. 384

2.  Barley Leaves. 385

i.     Vitamin C Sources-Primary. 385

1.  Barley Leaves. 385

2.  Sauerkraut/Lettuce Kraut385

3.  Rosa Rugosa/Citrus. 385

4.  Other Vegetables. 386

j.     Vinegar386

1.  Vinegar Background/History. 386

2.  Making Vinegar386

3.  Vinegar Alternatives. 386

5.       Limitations of Present Diet Design. 387

a.    Salt387

b.    Iodine. 387

c.    Coffee. 387

d.    Diet Variations/Palatability Changes. 388

e.       Ingredients/Spices/Condiments. 388

IX.    FOOD PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES.. 389

A.          Traditional Species as Human Food Sources  389

1.       Traditional Plant Species. 389

2.       Traditional Animal Species. 390

3.     Dangers of Limited Food Source. 391

B.       Plant Selection Criteria in Earth Home II391

1.     Non-hybrids - Historical Overview.391

2.     Historical "Survival" Vegetable.392

3.     Small Size, Quick Growth.392

4.     Low Light Levels.392

5.     All Parts Edible.394

6.     High Nutrient Levels.394

7.       Sproutable Seeds.394

8.     Taste Good Eaten Raw.394

9.       Storage/Preservation Requirement396

10.      System Approach. 396

a.    Specific Plant "Specialty". 396

b.       Multiple Cropping. 396

11.      Plant Selection. 398

a.       NASA/CELSS Plants. 398

b.       Balanced Diet/Survival Vegetables. 399

c.    Earth Home Plants. 399

d.       Comparison Discussion. 404

e.    Plant Genetic Improvements  405

C.       Plant Growing Method Options  406

1.       Hydroponics.406

2.     Nutrient Spray System.408

3.     CO2 Enrichment.409

a.    CO2 Benefits. 409

b.    CO2 From Composting. 409

c.       Limestone Source of CO2409

d.    Exhaust CO2 Generators.409

e.    EH Greenhouse CO2 Enrichment.410

4.       Greenhouse Advantages.410

a.    Climate Variation.410

b.    Insect and Disease Control410

c.    O2/CO2 interdependency  410

d.       Watering Control411

e.    Soil pH Control411

5.       Biointensive Outside Growing. 411

a.       Background/Description  411

b.       Advantages of Intensive Mound System.. 412

D.       Earth Home Greenhouse Growing Mechanics. 412

1.     EH Trombe Wall Soil V-Trough System.412

a.       Greenhouse Structural Overview.. 413

b.    Earth Home "V-Tough" System Details. 413

1.  Construction Details. 413

2.  Plant Growing Details. 413

c.    EH "V-Trough" Heat Transfer Overview.. 414

1.  Providing Heat to the Soil414

2.  Getting Heat from the V-Trough. 414

d.    V-Trough Disassembly/Maintenance  414

2.     Plant Growing Details. 414

a.    Seeds. 414

1.  Seed Storage. 415

2.  Seed Planting. 415

b.       Cuttings  416

3.     Sunlight to Plants.416

a.       Sunlight Intensity. 416

b.       Overhead/Vertical Clear Panels. 416

4.     Irrigation Options.417

a.    Drip Irrigation Systems.417

b.    Black Polyethylene "Grow Bag" System.417

c.    Under-Surface "Sweating" Plugs.419

d.    Misting System.419

e.    Earth Home Irrigation System.. 420

1.  Primary Greywater Irrigation. 420

2.  Spray Water System.. 420

3.  Outside Irrigation. 420

4.  Watering Controls. 420

f.     Future Irrigation.421

5.       Composting/Fertilization.423

6.       Pollination.425

a.       Pollination Background. 425

b.       Honeybees as Pollinators. 425

c.    Other Pollinators. 427

d.    Earth Home Pollinators. 427

E.        Animals in Earth Home II428

1.     High Feed Efficiency. 428

2.     Large-Scale Animal Production Techniques. 431

3.     Animals Production. 431

a.       Animals Discussion. 431

b.       Animals Under Consideration Chart433

F.        Fish Raising  435

1.       Mechanical/Electrical Systems. 435

a.       Tank/Filtration Designs. 435

b.       Power/Aeration Requirements  436

c.       Lighting Requirements  437

2.     Fish Species Options. 437

3.     Feeding Fish/Options. 438

a.       Worms/Minnows/Rodents/Pellets  439

b.       Polyculture with Fowl439

c.    Insects as Fish Food. 439

d.       Spirulina as Fish Food  442

e.    Leaf Protein Concentrate (LPC) as Fish Food. 442

f.       Alternative Fish Food and Problems. 442

G.       Food Waste Uses. 443

1.     Recycled for Animal Food  443

2.       Alcohol/Vinegar Production. 443

3.       Composting  443

a.    Aerobic vs. Anerobic. 443

b.    Four common Methods of Composting. 444

c.    Earth Home Composting. 444

H.       Plant Disease/Insect Control445

1.       Companion Planting. 445

2.     Plant Sources of Insecticides. 445

3.     "Friendly" Insects. 446

4.     Colloidal Silver Water Spray  446

5.     Acid Water Spray from Ionized Water446

I.     Future Food Production Technologies.446

1.       Spirulina/SCP(Single Cell Protein)446

a.       Background/Nutritional Information. 446

b.       Spirulina Production Requirements  447

c.       Growing Spirulina in Tubes. 448

2.     Insects as Human Food. 450

a.       Background/History  450

b.    Current Entomophagy  450

c.    Insect Species/FDA   450

d.    Future Protein Potential454

3.     Leaf Protein Concentrates (LPC)454

a.       Definition/Background/History. 454

b.    Species Used/Harvesting  456

c.       Processing Techniques. 456

d.       Practical Applications of LPC.. 456

e.    LPC Future. 457

4.     Future "Undiscovered" Plants. 458

X.          FOOD-PRESERVATION/PREPARATION   459

A.          Background of Food Preservation. 459

1.     Chemistry of Food Spoilage. 459

2.     Historical Food Preservation. 460

a.    Great Journeys. 460

b.    Military. 460

c.    Sailing Ships  460

d.    Food Preservation Problems. 461

B.       Early Food Preservation Methods. 461

a.    Drying Food  461

1.  Drying History. 461

2.  Drying Advantages. 461

3.  Earth Home Food Drying (Dehydration)462

b.       Smoking Meats. 463

1.  History/Chemistry of Smoking Meat463

2.  Cold Smoking. 463

3.  Hot Smoking. 463

4.  Earth Home Hot and Cold Smoking. 464

c.       Parching Grains. 464

d.    Using Salt for Dehydration. 464

C.          Fermentation (Lactic) Techniques. 464

1.     Using Salt for Brining. 464

a.       Vegetable Brine Fermentation (4) Categories. 464

b.    Brining Meat/Eggs. 465

c.    Salt "Conservation" in EH.. 465

2.       Fermentation (Lactic) History/Importance  466

3.     Chemistry of Fermentation. 467

4.       Advantages of Fermentation. 467

5.       Fermentation Nutrition. 468

6.     Fermented Beverages. 468

a.       Background  468

b.       Fermented Beverage Choices. 468

c.       Nutrition in Alcoholic Beverages. 469

d.       Fermented Flavorings/Sauces/Condiments  469

7.     Fermented Food Selection. 470

a.       Cabbage Sauerkraut470

b.    Other Fermented Vegetables. 470

c.       Fermented Leaves. 471

d.    Meat Substitute. 471

8.     Earth Home Fermentation-Lactic  471

a.       Methods of Salt Preservation. 471

1.  Adding Salt to Vegetables. 472

2.  Vegetables Covered with Brine. 472

b.    Specific Fermentation Production. 473

1.  Lettuce Kraut473

2.  Cabbage Sauerkraut473

3.  Rejuvelac. 473

D.          Traditional Preservation of Foods  473

1.     Common Storage/Cold Storage. 473

a.    Root Cellars. 473

1.  Root Cellar Environments. 474

2.  Root Cellar Methods. 474

b.    Other Traditional Food Storage Methods. 474

c.    Cold Storage. 476

d.    Earth Home Common Storage. 476

2.     Canning Food  476

a.       Canning History. 476

b.       Canning Advantages. 477

3.     Pickling with Vinegar (Acedic)477

a.       Description of Pickling. 477

b.    Pickling Disadvantages  477

4.     Preserves. 478

E.          Refrigeration  478

1.       Refrigeration Background. 478

2.       Refrigeration Options. 481

a.    Burning High Temperature Fuels (Absorption Cycle Refrigeration)481

b.    Solar Heat--Concentrated  481

c.       Electricity  481

3.     Efficient Refrigeration Options. 482

4.     Earth Home Refrigeration. 482

a.    Earth Home Refrigerator Compressor482

b.    Earth Home Refrigerator Plumbing/Ductwork. 483

5.     Earth Home Night Cooler Tab. 483

F.          Future/High-Tech Food Preservation Technologies. 483

1.       Refrigerator Options. 483

a.    Stirling Refrigerator Compressor484

b.       Thermoacoustics. 484

2.     High-Tech Options for Food Preservation. 484

a.    Ultra-High Pressurization (UHP) or (HPP)484

b.       Irradiation  485

c.    Ozone. 485

d.    Ohmic Heating. 485

G.       Earth Home Food Preparation Methods. 486

1.     Earth Home Grinding and Juicing. 486

2.     Earth Home Sprouting. 489

H.       Cooking Method Options. 489

1.       Community Stew Pot/Dutch Oven.489

2.     Wok. 490

3.     Propane Cookstoves. 490

4.     Pressure Cookers. 491

5.     Steaming. 491

6.     Hot Air Cooking. 491

7.     Fireless Cooking/Hotbox Cooking. 492

8.     Solar cooking. 492

9.     Earth Home Cooking. 492

a.       Cooking Energy Discussion. 492

b.    Earth Home Cookstove Design. 493

c.    Future Cooking. 494

XI.          RELATED TOPICS.. 495

A.          Appliances  495

1.       Household Appliances. 496

a.    Clothes Washing. 496

b.    Vacuum Cleaners/Floors  496

c.    Other Appliances. 496

2.     Kitchen. 497

3.     Bathroom.. 498

4.     Yard and Garden. 498

5.       Automotive  498

6.       Garage/Tools  498

7.     Industrial500

8.     Business. 500

9.     Sporting Goods. 500

10.          Entertainment500

11.      Medical500

B.          Transportation  502

1.     Gas Engine Efficiency. 502

a.    Chassis Options. 502

b.    "Cute" Cars  502

c.    42 Volt Systems. 502

d.    Lean-Burn Vehicles. 502

e.    Direct Ignition (DI)503

e.       Hydrogen-Fueled. 504

2.       Alcohol/Gas Mix (E-85)504

3.     Electric Vehicles Background. 505

4.       Automobile Battery Developments. 505

5.     Fuel Cell Developments. 506

a.       Hydrogen Fuel506

b.       Methanol-Driven Fuel Cells. 507

c.    Borax-Driven Fuel Cells  507

6.       Gas/Electric Hybrid Vehicles. 507

a.    Hybrid Background. 507

b.       Hydraulic Hybrid Powertrain. 507

7.     Stirling Vehicles. 508

C.       Minor Health Care. 508

1.     Diet and Exercise Basics. 508

a.       Prevention of Disease. 508

b.    Eating Healthy Foods. 508

c.    DRINK WATER!!508

d.    Exercise. 509

1.  Exercise Basics. 509

2.  Earth Home Exercise Equipment509

2.     A Note on "Modern" Medicine. 509

3.